Extreme Solar Particle Events (ESPEs)

An article in Science alert on sunspots and solar flares (https://www.sciencealert.com/sunspot-40-times-wider-than-earth-shows-our-sun-is-capable-of-superflares) led me to doing a little research using Gemini AI. Here's what I found, These are the major events recorded in tree rings:

Obviously such events are far from being a regular occurrence but they do happen. For comparison a more recent event such as the  Carrington Event of September 1859 is too small an event to show up on this chart.

Carrington Event September 1859

A solar storm which caused the telegraph system — the only large-scale electrical network in existence at the time — to function as a massive antenna for geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) which caused massive surges through telegraph wires. Sparks jumped from equipment, setting fire to telegraph station switchboards and burning rolls of paper tape. Several telegraph operators in North America and Europe received severe electrical shocks when touching their keys or metal apparatus.

I asked Gemini about the events on the chart:

That 12,350 BCE event stands out. If such an event occured today what would be the effect on civilization?

An extreme solar particle event on the scale of the ~12,350 BCE event—estimated to have had an integral proton fluence of roughly $1.5\times 10^{10}{\text{ protons/cm}}^2$ for energies $E>30\text{MeV}$, or nearly double the 774 CE benchmark—would represent an existential shock to modern technological infrastructure.

Unlike a pure geomagnetic storm (which primarily couples with long conductors on the ground), an ESPE of this magnitude combines extreme geomagnetic induction with an intense bombardment of relativistic solar energetic particles (SEPs).

1. Near-Total Loss of Orbital Infrastructure

• Direct Solar Array & Electronics Destruction: High-energy protons ($>100\text{MeV}$) penetrate satellite shielding easily. They cause fatal single-event burnouts in microprocessors and degrade photovoltaic panels through lattice displacement.

• Loss of Constellations: Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations (Starlink, OneWeb, Earth-observation networks) and Medium/Geostationary satellites (GPS, Galileo, communications) would suffer massive, simultaneous hardware bricking.

• Severe Atmospheric Drag: Upper atmospheric heating causes the thermosphere to expand rapidly upward. Thousands of LEO satellites and debris objects would experience dramatic, unpredicted orbital decay, causing collisions and uncontrolled re-entries.

• Manned Spaceflight: Astronauts aboard the International Space Station or future lunar missions caught outside deep radiation shelters would receive lethal doses of radiation (tens of Sieverts) within hours.

2. Multi-Continent Power Grid Collapse

• Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs): The associated coronal mass ejection (CME) shock front would violently compress the magnetosphere. Ground-induced quasi-DC currents would saturate extra-high-voltage (EHV) step-up transformer cores.

• Transformer Meltdown: Transformer cores would overheat within minutes due to severe stray magnetic flux, destroying insulating paper and causing explosive dielectric oil fires.

• Global Replacement Bottleneck: High-voltage transmission transformers are custom-built, weigh hundreds of tonnes, and have normal manufacturing lead times of 18 to 36 months. Losing hundreds across North America, Europe, and Asia simultaneously would take regional electric grids offline for months, and in severe cases, years.

3. Atmosphere & Environmental Degradation

• Severe Ozone Depletion: Energetic protons breaking into the stratosphere dissociate molecular nitrogen and oxygen, generating huge quantities of odd nitrogen (${\text{NO}}_x$) and odd hydrogen (${\text{HO}}_x$) catalytic radicals. Studies model a 30% to 50% global loss of the ozone layer, persisting for several years.

• Surface UV-B Spike: Biologically damaging solar UV-B flux reaching the surface would surge, increasing rates of DNA damage in crops, collapsing oceanic phytoplankton blooms at the base of marine food webs, and causing severe skin damage/blindness in wildlife and livestock. Humans, especially those with fair skin, would experience sunburn and an increase of cataracts and skin cancers for the next 1 - 5 years while the ozone layer recovered.

• Ground-Level Radiation: While air mass provides equivalent shielding to ~10 meters of water, the high-energy muon/neutron cascade at sea level would cause a Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) with radiation doses equivalent to several hundred chest X-rays over several days—non-lethal to humans on the surface, but elevated for commercial airline flights at cruising altitude. Airflight would have to be grounded during the event.

4. Cascade Failures Across Critical Societal Systems

• Global Communications: High-frequency (HF) radio propagation would be blacked out globally via polar cap absorption (PCA) and global D-region ionization. Undersea fiber-optic cables might survive, but their transcontinental terrestrial landing stations and grid-dependent repeater power networks would fail.

• Supply Chains & Food Distribution: Without electric grids, municipal water treatment and pumping halt within 24–48 hours. Fuel pumps at distribution terminals stop working, freezing road and rail logistics for food, medicines, and diesel for emergency backup generators.

• Global Economic Shock: Modern financial ledgers, transactional clearinghouses, and telecommunications rely on nanosecond-precision atomic clock signals from GPS/GNSS. A loss of constellation synchronization combined with power outages would halt global trade, banking, and inventory systems instantly.

• You could expect to lose,  Internet, phone service, banking, electrical power, GPS. That would cause massive supply chain disruption and starvation.

An event of the 12,350 BCE magnitude would not quite return humanity to the Stone Age biologically, but it would forcibly decouple civilization from modern electrical and satellite architectures, triggering an emergency humanitarian crisis driven by supply-chain and power restoration timelines.

What about a less powerful event such as the 1279 CE event?

An event on the scale of the 1279 CE event—producing a ${\Delta }^{14}\text{C}$ excursion of roughly $+5.0\text{ ‰}$ (about one-fifth the magnitude of the 12,350 BCE event)—would still be approximately 5 to 10 times more intense in high-energy proton fluence than any solar particle event observed during the space age, including the major October 1989 solar proton storms.

Rather than causing an outright collapse of civilization, an event of this scale would cause severe, widespread infrastructure damage, orbital attrition, and significant economic disruption, but within thresholds modern engineering could survive if standard mitigations and protocols were deployed.

1. Satellites and Orbital Spacecraft

• High Rate of Satellite Losses: Unhardened commercial electronics (especially commercial-off-the-shelf components in Low Earth Orbit mega-constellations) would suffer extensive Single-Event Effects (SEEs), latch-ups, and dielectric electrostatic discharges. A noticeable fraction of LEO constellations would be disabled or lose attitude control.

• Rapid Solar Array Degradation: Solar cells would suffer immediate, irreversible non-ionizing energy loss (displacement damage), permanently shortening satellite lifespans by months to several years.

• Navigation and Timing Outages: Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) GPS/Galileo satellites use radiation-hardened parts and would likely survive, but ionospheric scintillation and total electron content (TEC) perturbations would degrade GPS signal locks and positioning accuracy for days to weeks.

• Crewed Spaceflight: Space stations in low-inclination orbits would receive substantial radiation spikes; crews would need to shelter in high-mass shielding compartments (such as water-lined service modules) to prevent acute radiation sickness.

2. Terrestrial Power Grids

• Severe Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs): If paired with an energetic Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) shock, GICs would stress high-voltage networks—especially at high geomagnetic latitudes (e.g., Canada, Scandinavia, northern UK, and the northern US).

• Local Transformer Damage vs. Systemic Failure: Unlike the 12,350 BCE scenario, modern grid operators with automated protective relaying and 12–24 hours of space-weather warning could avoid catastrophic global meltdowns. Instead, expect managed rolling blackouts, selective line trips, and localized transformer burnouts where geology creates high ground conductivity contrasts.

• Recovery Timeline: Regional outages would likely last days to a few weeks, rather than the multi-year manufacturing bottleneck of an unmitigated mega-storm.

3. Atmospheric and Environmental Effects

• Moderate Polar Ozone Thinning: The solar proton influx would create catalytic ${\text{NO}}_x$ and ${\text{HO}}_x$ radicals primarily in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere over the polar caps. Polar ozone could temporarily drop by 10% to 20% for 1–2 years before atmospheric circulation dilutes and restores normal chemistry.

• Commercial Aviation Rerouting: Flights on transpolar and high-latitude routes would need to be grounded or rerouted to lower latitudes immediately to prevent crews and passengers from receiving high occupational radiation doses and to avoid high-frequency (HF) polar cap communication blackouts.

• Surface Radiation: High-energy neutron cascades at ground level (Ground Level Enhancements) would be readily detectable by global neutron monitors, but surface radiation levels would remain well below levels hazardous to biological health.

4. Communications and Electronics

• Radio Blackouts: High-frequency (HF) marine and aircraft communications would be completely blocked across polar and auroral latitudes for days due to intense D-region ionization (Polar Cap Absorption).

• Subsea and Terrestrial Data: Undersea fiber-optic cables would function normally, though power-feed equipment at landing sites connected to volatile local grids could experience brief dropouts.

• Everyday Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, desktop computers, cars, and consumer electronics at ground level would remain completely unaffected; the mass of Earth's atmosphere ($\sim 10,000{\text{ kg/m}}^2$) provides total shielding against direct particle penetration.

In summary, a 1279 CE-scale event would be an orbital disaster and an expensive grid stress-test costing tens to hundreds of billions of dollars globally, but it would be a manageable industrial emergency rather than an existential threat to society.

Beyond the school smartphone ban

 

Beyond the Ban: Why Smartphones in Schools Require an IT Curriculum Revolution

Whenever smartphones in schools are debated, the discussion almost immediately splits into two camps: total prohibition or complete permission.

Opponents view the smartphone as an engine of distraction and cyberbullying. Proponents view it as an essential tool for modern life. But framing the device as either a classroom menace or a simple study aid misses a much larger shift—one that futurist Ray Kurzweil has pointed out for years.

The Smartphone as a Cognitive Extension

Ray Kurzweil famously noted that smartphones are misnamed: they are not just phones, but gateways to human knowledge. In Kurzweil’s view of human-technology integration, a connected device is effectively an external extension of human memory and cognitive capacity.

When every student holds an instant interface to the sum of human information in their palm, testing kids on static fact retrieval becomes obsolete. If the device handles the heavy lifting of storage and lookup, classroom time ought to pivot toward critical thinking, synthesis, and collaborative problem-solving.

However, as generative tools become deeply embedded in smartphones and tablets, students must understand that AI is still in its relative infancy. It makes mistakes, hallucinates facts, and presents opinions as certainty in much the same way as a 3-year-old child does. Using technology as a true cognitive extension requires learning how to direct it properly. That's what is missing from current school lessons.

Instead of treating AI like an oracle, IT education must teach children how to craft precise, clear prompts to extract accurate and useful information—while cultivating the critical mindset needed to cross-check and verify those outputs.

From this perspective, outright banning smartphones in schools is like asking students to leave half their analytical tools at the door. However, treating the device solely as a harmless cognitive upgrade ignores a dark and pressing reality.

The Unchecked Threat: Amplified Harassment

When a device acts as an extension of a child's mind, turning that device into a vehicle for harassment causes unprecedented harm. Cyberbullying isn't confined to school grounds or physical hours—it follows students straight home in their pockets, 24/7.

Because digital interaction lacks immediate physical or visual feedback, the online disinhibition effect takes over. A bully cannot see real-time emotional distress, which erodes natural empathy boundaries. Coupled with the sheer speed and permanence of digital amplification, a single message or non-consensual photo can scale into widespread trauma in minutes.

Attempting to address this solely through generic "digital citizenship" assemblies or blanket phone bans fails. Banning devices in class doesn't stop the harassment happening on the walk home or on social apps; it merely pushes the problem out of sight.

In schools some have resorted to a lockable container for smartphones, an expensive solution which children quickly found a way around. They simply brought an old phone which was locked up in the container while their actual phone remained in their pocket. I have a great more faith in children's ability to get round any bans than I have in any legislation to enforce such bans.

Evolving IT Education: From Software Skills to Digital Defense

If smartphones are cognitive extensions, then managing their risks is a core life skill—and IT education must evolve to match.

Historically, school IT lessons centered on operational fluency: typing, navigating office suites, basic web navigation, or entry-level coding. Today’s students don't need instruction on how to tap a screen; they need rigorous, practical instruction on digital ethics, privacy, and technical self-defense.

An updated IT curriculum should focus on three crucial pillars:

1. The Physics of Digital Footprints

Students need a clear, technical understanding of digital permanence, data amplification, and metadata. When young people understand how platform algorithms route information—and how easy it is to trace digital footprints back to their source—the illusion of online anonymity disappears.

2. Practical Digital Self-Defense

Instead of telling kids to "just ignore online mean behavior," IT labs should teach practical operational skills:

• Evidence Gathering: How to properly document harassment (capturing verifiable screenshots and preserving time-stamps/metadata) before content is deleted.

• Privacy Hardening: Hands-on sessions auditing app permissions, location exposure, and account privacy settings.

• Escalation Protocols: How platform reporting systems work, how content moderation functions, and how to trigger technical and legal escalation paths.

3. De-escalating Online Disinhibition

IT lessons provide the ideal space to analyze the psychology of digital communications. By examining how screen mediation detaches us from human reactions, students can critically analyze online behavior rather than passively falling prey to it.

The Next Wave: Invisible Interfaces and Smart Glasses

If managing smartphones in the classroom presents a challenge today, the near future will require even greater foresight.

Wearable technology—specifically smart glasses equipped with bone-conduction headphones—is quickly advancing. These devices can deliver visual overlays and private audio directly to a user without emitting sound into the room. A student wearing them can receive real-time answers, feed prompts to an AI assistant, or read incoming messages without looking down at a screen or wearing visible earbuds.

This shift renders traditional classroom monitoring and device confiscation completely obsolete. You cannot simply ask a student to "put away" their prescription specs.

Instead of waiting for invisible interfaces to catch educators off guard, IT education must proactively address them now. Lessons need to focus on:

• Concealed Interaction & Academic Integrity: Discussing how hidden audio and visual feeds alter traditional testing, and why learning must shift from memorization to process-driven evaluation.

• Invisible Consent & Recording Ethics: Exploring the profound privacy implications of glasses equipped with micro-cameras or microphones, where filming or analyzing peers happens without any obvious physical cues.

• Cognitive Load & Presence: Analyzing how constant, ambient heads-up notifications impact attention span, interpersonal conversation, and real-world awareness.

Conclusion

Smartphones aren't going away, and attempting to wall classrooms off from the modern world does students a disservice. But integrating these tools into education requires more than just hand-waving optimism about AI tutors and instant information.

If we expect young people to carry cognitive extensions in their pockets, we have a duty to teach them not just how to process data, but how to navigate the ethics, boundaries, and defense mechanisms required in a connected world.

Slaying the Modern Giants: The Case for a National Insulation Service.

Abstract

Following the May 2026 council elections, growing public dissatisfaction threatens the political landscape, driven by systemic cost-of-living failure and low-quality housing. These issues represent modern mutations of Want and Squalor, two of the "Five Giants" identified in the 1942 Beveridge Report.

Traditional remediation methods rely on obsolete, expensive, or disruptive technologies. This paper proposes a self-funding, universal National Energy Efficiency Development Service (NEEDS). By utilising advanced technology such as a 1.5mm aerogel wall coating and low-cost hybrid secondary glazing, the state can permanently eradicate domestic mould and fuel poverty at a fraction of the time and cost of new nuclear infrastructure.

Crucially, NEEDS resolves the acute construction labour shortage by introducing a state-managed apprenticeship framework for asylum seekers and others. This framework provides immediate tax revenue, offsets asylum administration costs, and places skilled ambassadors directly into communities to visibly dismantle the misinformation driving political extremism.

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Historical Problem Status Update

In 1942 the Beveridge Report identified five giants which plagued the UK and the 1945 Labour Government set out to address them.

The Giant	The Problem	The Solution
Want	Poverty	National Insurance / Social Security
Disease	Lack of healthcare	The National Health Service (NHS)
Ignorance	Lack of education	Universal Secondary Education
Idleness	Unemployment	Government commitment to Full Employment
Squalor	Poor housing	Massive Rehousing and New Towns

The government’s attempts to tackle the giants were recognised and appreciated to the extent that no following government dared reverse them, but to a degree these giants are still with us:

Want

In 1942, Want meant a lack of "subsistence"—not having enough money for basic food or clothing. Today, while absolute destitution is rarer, "Relative Poverty" remains a significant issue.

• The "Poverty Premium": Those with the least often pay the most for essentials (e.g., prepay energy meters or high-interest credit).
• Food Insecurity: The rise of food banks over the last decade suggests that the "social insurance" net Beveridge envisioned often struggles to meet the rising costs of living.

Disease

In 1942 this meant that many did not have a doctor, dentist or optician, today we have these but face waiting lists for treatment. Food insecurity leads to many having a poor diet which inevitably leads to poor health and increased NHS costs. Many low-quality homes add to NHS costs through cold, damp and mould.

The Societal Cost: The House of Commons Library reported that the NHS spends an estimated £1.4 billion annually treating illnesses directly related to living in cold or damp housing. When factoring in lost productivity, mental health impacts, and broader social care, that societal cost jumps to £15.4 billion each year

Ignorance

We now have full secondary education and the option to go on to further education BUT we are faced with the spread of misinformation. The old policy of ‘Tell a lie, repeat it often and people will come to believe it’ works well for extremists. People now tend to believe ‘immigration is out of control’ and ‘the UK is facing a crimewave’.

Idleness

The UK has gone a long way towards full employment, but a degree of unemployment has been found to be desirable in keeping wages down for Industry. There are some in the UK who are forced into unemployment. One such group are the illegal entrants seeking asylum. In the future it is likely that many will be impacted by AI taking over their jobs.

Squalor

Many of the old ‘back-to-back’ Victorian streets are now gone but low quality housing, which is difficult to heat, damp and mould infected remains. Those with the lowest incomes live there because it’s all they can afford. To make it liveable it would have high energy costs to heat and ventilate it; energy costs the poor simply cannot pay and which the recent rise in energy price caps will make worse.

Current attempts to ‘fix’ low quality housing rely on expensive remedies:

• Double glazing: Costly, especially in high rise housing.
• Cavity wall insulation: Impossible where there is no cavity.
• External cladding: Expensive and where flammable cladding has been used, leads to disaster or homes which cannot be sold.
• Internal cladding: Can make already small rooms smaller still.
• Loft insulation: Bulky or in some cases where foam has been used, leading to roof timber decay.
• Floor insulation: Impossible in many cases and at the least requiring doors and skirting board removal and refitting after trimming.
• Heat pump central heating boilers: Expensive and adding unrealistic costs to existing electricity bills which the lowest income already can’t pay.

All but the latter of these methods rely on old and comparatively inefficient and expensive technology. They have failed to keep up with modern developments.

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A Proposed Solution

The Government should set up a National Energy Efficiency Development Service (NEEDS) structured in the same spirit as the NHS in 1948. It will use modern technology to solve the ‘squalor’ and ‘want’ issues immediately and at the same time resolve aspects of the remaining ‘giants’.

NEEDS would:

• Be free at the point of use.
• Be targeted initially at those most in need.
• Be a rolling programme developing and adopting new materials as they become available.
• Reduce our energy requirement and improve our national carbon footprint.
• Reduce the heating costs of those least able to pay for them.
• Remove the issue of mould causing illness.
• Be relatively inexpensive nationally.

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How can this be achieved?

The most efficient insulation material currently is aerogel[1]. It is so efficient that an ice cube resting on a thin layer of it will not melt when a blowtorch is placed underneath. Aerogel materials can be applied to the inner surface of external walls in a 1.5mm thick layer of plaster like material and then painted over. One manufacturer of such a material, AeroTherm[2], claims that when applied to a solid brick wall heat lost through the wall can be reduced by up to 35%. On cavity brick walls savings are less impressive but still substantial, typically 12% to 15%.

Even a 12% saving nationally would be the equivalent of 36TWh of energy annually. To put that into perspective the Hinkley Point C Nuclear reactor is expected to produce 26TWh annually when it comes online in 2030/2031. Because the vast majority of UK heating is currently gas-fired, NEEDS would primarily save gas, drastically reducing fossil fuel dependency and carbon emissions, while taking massive pressure off the grid as the UK transitions to electric heat pumps.

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Costs

Nationally an average UK home has 150 square metres of external walls. The UK has 28.5 million homes. Whilst AeroTherm costs £25-£30 per square metre, preparation and redecoration costs make the likely cost per square metre £90.

• 28.5 million homes × 150 square metres = 4.275 billion square metres of walls
• 4.275 billion square metres × £90 per square metre = £384.7 billion

Fortunately, this is a one time cost and need not be spent all at once. In the first year the worst of UK housing should be addressed. If the programme were tightly targeted to the 8 to 10 million solid-wall, low-income homes that actually suffer from severe "Squalor" and mould, the cost drops to roughly £110 billion to £135 billion—Less than the cost of 4-nuclear-plants and not taking 10 years to complete. In practice these homes tend to be smaller so the lower figure is more likely.

Aerogel wall insulation is not the only energy efficiency product available. There are other cost effective energy savings which can be made. One such product, secondary glazing film[6] — often called shrink film — is arguably the single most cost-effective "quick win" in thermal efficiency. Typically £10 per home, it converts single glazing to double glazing and double glazing to triple glazing. The product can be mailed to homes and self-installed requiring only scissors and a hair drier. Single glazing loses about twice as much heat as standard double glazing. Shrink film cuts that loss by up to 30-40%. Double glazed windows become 5-10% more efficient. For a home with older windows, this can easily save £50 to £100 on a single winter's heating bill. To provide every UK home with this secondary glazing film would cost £285 million, a rounding error in the National Budget. Such film would probably need replacing every 2 years.

Unfortunately, there are two problems with secondary glazing film.

1. It is attractive to cat claws and toddler fingers.
2. Not everyone is able bodied or adept enough to install it.

Both issues can be resolved by having NEEDS workers install film and if necessary install a more solid acrylic sheet over the lower vulnerable part.

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NEEDS Workforce

There is already a shortage of labour in the construction industry BUT there are currently a significant number of able bodied people forced into idleness. I suggest using this ‘workforce’ the asylum seekers. They would need 2-3 days training and would be paired with a UK citizen. Part of their training would be to act as ambassadors of their culture bringing them into contact with the public. By placing asylum seekers into the heart of British communities as skilled, working professionals, you smash the "invisible" barrier that allows extremist misinformation to thrive. People stop fearing an abstract headline when the person saving them £300 a year on their heating bills is a polite, hardworking asylum seeker named Ahmed. This uses a surplus of human potential to solve a critical labour shortage, while simultaneously launching a direct counter-offensive against the giant of Ignorance which causes many to think of the boat people as criminals and lazy spongers living at our expense in four star hotels.

An asylum seeker would be paid a UK minimum wage but while their application was in progress would pay a 50% income tax rate with no personal allowance. They would still retain existing asylum benefits. Based on a 35 hour week they would be £220 better off and so would the country. They would also gain a valuable skill and freedom from boredom. If their application for asylum proved successful, they would be given a tax rebate which would help them in settlement. Unsuccessful applicants would not receive this rebate.

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Other areas in which NEEDS could be involved

• Roof and floor insulation using aerogel products: For roofs a 3mm aerogel based blanket[5] offers a substantial improvement to a 300mm layer of glass fibre or rockwool insulation and is easier to apply in older properties where a 300mm space is not available. For floors a similar product can replace conventional carpet underlay offering vastly improved performance and fire resistance[3][4]. New builds should make use of a 10 mm product. Aerogel based carpet underlays are available which dramatically improve floor insulation.
• Energy Storage: As we move away from fossil fuels to renewables, energy storage becomes an issue since the sun does not always shine or the wind always blow. We can store energy surpluses using batteries and gravity. Currently we use lithium batteries and pumped water storage but these are not the only methods. Lithium is in short supply, expensive and most of it is dependent on a Chinese source. Sodium, which is both cheap and plentiful can be used instead to make batteries. These will be bigger than the equivalent lithium batteries but cost far less. Windfarms especially should be encouraged to make use of them. Rather than pumped water storage we should make use of many of the railway lines which have been closed. An electrically driven train can carry heavy blocks uphill using surplus power. When power is needed they can roll downhill with their electric motors becoming dynamos to produce electricity again.
• Geothermal and District Heating: Fossil fuel industries should be offered incentives to use their drilling expertise to explore for geothermal energy which can be recovered with heat pumps. Many now flooded coal mines can be exploited for district heating schemes.
• Domestic Manufacturing: Aerogel products need to be manufactured in the UK. For example, AeroTherm is manufactured in the Czech Republic. It would help the UK economy to develop and manufacture such products in the UK and export rather than import them.

Rather than producing new energy systems or offering short-term discounts it makes sense to use energy more efficiently first!

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Endnotes

[1] Aerogel Insulation Science & Advanced Materials Overview: View Guide

[2] AeroTherm Ultra-Thin Internal Wall Insulation Coating Specification: View Specs

[3] ThermaSlim Impact Thin Profile Internal Floor Panels: View Specs

[4] Spacetherm Ultra-Thin Floor and Retrofit Underlay Solutions: View Specs

[5] Spacetherm A1 Non-Combustible Ceilings and Flexible Roof Blankets: View Specs

[6] Stormguard Clear Shrink Film Secondary Glazing Kits: View Specs